![]() ![]() ![]() Troops dispersing the crowd killed 25 people, but Réveillon found refuge in the Bastille. The price of bread had reached a century high, and in Paris the wallpaper manufacturer Jean-Baptiste Réveillon and the saltpeter maker Henriot suggested lowering the price so that low-wage workers could afford it but this was taken as an effort to lower wages, and people destroyed their factories on 28 April. In March and April rioting occurred in Marseille, Cambrai, Picardy, Valenciennes, Vannes, Besançon, Alençon, and Orléans. ![]() On the 27th Mirabeau mediated a conflict between housewives and the Mayor with his troops over the price of bread. ![]() On 23 March electors of the Third Estate took over the Paris government and appointed a patriot guard. Honoré-Gabriel Riquetti, Count of Mirabeau, had written his Secret Story of the Berlin Court, but on February 10 the Paris Parlement ordered it burned. In northern France some hunters violated game laws on aristocratic estates while others attacked grain transports. Violent protests also erupted in Poitou, Franche-Comté, and Provence. Constantin-François Volney’s The People’s Sentinel had criticized nobles and described bourgeois grievances, and now they advocated the end of all privileges. He published New Observations on the Estates General of France, and he advocated the union of the three estates.Ĭlass conflict broke out in Brittany and at Rennes on 26 January 1789. Lawyer Joseph Mounier for months had been demanding a constitution to protect the rights of the King and his subjects. Sieyès and his friends founded the Valois Club on 11 February. Soon 30,000 copies were sold, and more editions were printed. What has it been until now in the political order? Nothing. The Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès published his pamphlet What Is the Third Estate? that began The nobles had 278 deputies, and at least 220 had served in the army or navy. The poor parish priests elected 303 deputies but only 46 of the 176 bishops. Peasants greatly outnumbered others at election meetings, but the Third Estate elected 604 educated men including 294 officials and 99 businessmen. This was the largest democratic vote in European history and would not be surpassed for nearly a century. Taxpayers over the age of 25 were allowed to vote in the primary assemblies that chose two delegates for every hundred households, and at another assembly those delegates would elect the 1,200 deputies. The cities of Bordeaux, Bourges, Lyons, Nimes, Rouen, Tours, and Toulouse would have 16 delegates each, and Paris would have 68. On the 24th election rules were proclaimed by uneven judicial districts, and those ennobled only by personal titles learned they were put in the Third Estate. This winter had steady snow for two months, and food supplies were running out. On the first of January 1789 women of the Third Estate petitioned Louis XVI for the right to be enlightened and have jobs. The number of pamphlets published increased from 217 in 1787 to 819 in 1788 and to 3,305 in 1789. Yet on December 27 the chief minister Jacques Necker and the Council of State had accepted doubling the Third Estate delegates, but the nobles refused to agree. The French Assembly of Notables had met in November 1788 and had agreed that all classes of society should be taxed, but they had opposed doubling the representation of the Third Estate in the Estates General called for 1789 nor did they agree to voting by persons. They were careful not to cause unnecessary conflict between the king and the Assembly.France’s Revolution 1789-95 by Sanderson Beck BECK index France’s Revolution 1789-95 by Sanderson Beck French Revolution in 1789įrench White Terror and a Directorate 1794-95Ĭondorcet’s Philosophy and Babeuf’s Equalityįrench Revolution in 1789 France of Louis XV and XVI As part of this discussion, the deputies broached the question of whether or not the king had the right to request changes to the constitution they were writing. From 14 to 21 September, the deputies debated how to ensure that the king would accept the decrees without modification. By the middle of September, the king had yet to accept the August decrees or the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. First, as the summer of 1789 came to an end, the deputies sought to establish their power to craft France’s new constitution as they saw best, guided by the wishes of their constituents, not by the will of the king. We will examine three steps in detail, again relying on a broad array of sources to show how the decisions reached were shaped by the interplay between different developing political groups within the Assembly. Here we examine the final steps the deputies elected to the Estates General of 1789 took to transform that traditional body into a national constituent assembly. ![]()
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